Research :: essays research papers

Research Skills Activity 1. Diversity Issues in workplace teams. A group of regional human resource professionals continually has made workplace diversity an ongoing educational item for its members. "Diversity in many aspects came about through attempts to address race and gender," said Scott Holsman, chapter president of the Human Resources Association of Mid-Missouri. "But they're also finding out there's more to diversity than those two issues. There's a rise of understanding on how teams work together, and I think we're moving toward more a substantial look at the role diversity plays." (Friedman, 2002, p.1) As part of a yearly look at diversity issues in the workplace, members of Holsman’s group attended a half-day conference early last week. Plummer spoke about diversity issues to about 60 of the group’s members. Diversity â€Å"is a topic because it’s a reality today,† said Holsman, who works for Express Personnel Services in Mid-Missouri. â€Å"The leading companies really understand that diversity is many things, and it’s not just a gender and racial thing. A team is made up of different talents, and the challenge is to optimize those talents to get the most benefit for an organization.† (Friedman, 2002, p.1) 2. Case Studies in Object Oriented Programming Pi is n debugger written in C+ +. This paper explains how object-oriented Programming in C+ + has influenced Pi's evolution. The motivation for Object Oriented programming was to experiment with a browser-like graphical user interface. The first unforeseen benefit was in the symbol table: lazy construction of an abstract syntax-based tree gave a clean interface to the remainder of Pi, with an efficient and robust implementation. Next, though not in the original design, Pi was easily modified to control multiple processes simultaneously. Finally, Pi was extended to control processes executing across multiple heterogeneous target processors. (Cargill, 1986, p.350) The subject of this paper is the impact of object-oriented programming on the structure and capabilities of a complicated piece of software - a debugger called Pi. The paper begins with observations about debugging in general and a description of Pi, to motivate the introduction of object-oriented programming. When the design of Pi began, object-oriented programming was chosen as a means of achieving a style of user interface. But the application of object-oriented techniques throughout had unforeseen benefits with respect to symbol table structure, multi-process debugging and target environment independence. (Cargill, 1986, p.350) 3. Current Political Trends in Singapore. Though being politically stable and popular, the government of Singapore has not been leading without dissentient voices.

Kafka’s Metamorphosis and Darwinian Theory

Reading Franz Kafka’s â€Å"The Metamorphosis†, one is inclined to think that perhaps the writer had Darwin in mind when he wrote the story. The story centers on the transformation of its protagonist, Gregor Samsa, and his family’s journey of survival through it. At the heart of the story resounds Darwin’s theory of the evolution of the species – that organisms change and evolve in order to survive, that the ultimate game is the survival of the fittest.Gregor’s transformation precipitated two struggles to survive – his own as a giant bug, and his family’s. It could be that Kafka was thinking along the lines of the essential Darwinian concepts – organisms change to cope, and that organisms adapt to the changes in their environment in order to survive. In the story, Gregor wakes up as a giant bug without his knowing or ever finding out the reason for his transformation. He was a traveling salesman, and was the familyâ€℠¢s breadwinner – he takes care of his aging parents and younger sister, pays off his father’s debts on top of addressing the family’s needs like rent and groceries.He was dissatisfied with his work but he is forced to keep at it to support his family. He dreams of eventually finding a better job as soon as he pays off his father’s debts. He devotes much of his time working sacrificing his own needs and desires, having no time to pursue his own interests or to foster any lasting or satisfying relationships. Perhaps his transformation was subconsciously desired – that Gregor wanted more than what his current life offered, and it was his subconscious’ way to show what he felt inside – him, a human being treated like an insect, dehumanized by the demands of work and family life, struggling to keep a bit of humanity he still has left. As in Darwin’s theory, it is not that organisms transformed themselves in an instant, but rather re alized their needs and wants and developed the means to achieve those.Whatever the reasons behind Gregor’s transformation, what is clear is that Gregor and his family both struggled to live after it happened. Gregor, having accepted the fact that his body has changed and that in order to move about he will have to get used to it, worked at moving his limbs to walk and move around. It was difficult to move around with new body, but he managed to learn how to, he needed to. Further, he and his family learned that with his new form, he could no longer eat the food that he used to enjoy, and that his dietary needs have changed. Whereas when he was human he wanted fresh foods, now he finds out that he is repulsed by it and can only eat rotting left-overs.The family, too, struggled with Gregor’s transformation. First, they cannot bear to see him as an insect, and more than that, they were worried about their financial situation. Although in Gregor’s eyes the father wa s but an old man who has not worked for five years and is entitled to a retirement of leisure, and his mother a frail woman who has asthma, and his younger sister a thing of beauty whose life has been so protected and pampered, and perhaps the family saw themselves the same way, but nevertheless, under their present circumstances they found it in them to fend for themselves.The father found work as a bank messenger, the mother sewed lingerie for an apparel shop, and the sister became a salesgirl and studied French and shorthand to find a better paying job in the future. Moreover, they also took in boarders to increase their income. They found that they could survive by themselves when they had to, that they did not really need Gregor – they adapted to the situation in order to live.In the end, Kafka’s The Metamorphosis is a story that chronicles man’s means and ways of survival, as he has done so all throughout history transforming into what he is today. In a wa y, it could be seen as a tribute to the principles that Drawin espoused in his theory of the evolution of species – that organisms, man above all, will adapt just to live, and that only those who are the fittest will survive.

Stylistic Comparison Essay examples - 778 Words

When an artist creates a painting it is not only to make a picture. Its purpose is to create a feeling or mood. Usually drawing more than an ordinary moment in life, usually stirring some kind of emotion that the artist is passionate about he hopes the viewer will feel. This is the purpose and beauty of art. Throughout history, the arts have been a form of rationalization in the mind of an artist. The progression of knowledge over a period of time can be mapped by many artists masterpieces. This shift in time can be seen in the romantic style of Eugene Delacroixs, Paganini, and the neo-classical style of Jean-Louis Davids, The Emperor Napoleon in His Study. These two portraits reveal a completely different style; however they both†¦show more content†¦The lighting and placement are very prominent. The light hues of the paint draw your eyes directly to Paganinis face and delicate hands on the violin. This dark contrast makes the images jump out at you, creating drama an d intrigue. It leaves me wondering what lies in the black luminous area surrounding the violinist. Delacroix places the main figure directly in the center giving the viewer one principle element to focus on. This places the audience right at eye level with the accomplished musician. As if you were there listening to him playing a concerto. You are enthralled by the deep concentration shown on his face. His intensity is clear but at the same time distant and illusory. This continually draws your attention to the emotions of this great man. He looks as if he can feel the music running through his body, touching every inch of his soul. The representation of Paganini flows in a circular motion. You can feel the flow of his body, from his face to his outstretched leg. Each part of his body drifts together with a clear pattern of movement. The artist drew the body in the form of a triangle from his head down to his separated legs. His story is told through this illusion of depth and theatrical mirage filled with dramatic intention. In this painting, Delacroix uses color, light and shadow to direct attention to the intense musician. With this new romantic style came a greaterShow MoreRelatedThe Use of Metaphors and Epithets in Business Texts891 Words   |  4 Pagessector for research of linguistic characteristics of Business English remained quite narrow, however stylistic devises used in business articles influence a lot on readers’ comprehension of business texts. The goal of the present paper is to analyse business newspaper articles in order to find vivid and colourful epithets and metaphors. The hypothesis is that the use of colourful stylistic devises such as metaphors and epithets helps readers to comprehend complicated business texts andRead MoreSocial Classes In Pride And Prejudice And Jane Eyre1605 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: In both texts; Jane Austen and Charlotte Bronte explore social class in a number of ways. They do this through the use of their stylistic devices and this in turn appeals to their different audiences. Both Jane and Charlotte are notable writers for their remarkable texts. Jane Austen is known for playing a revolutionary role in the generation of English female literature, which was counteracted by this piece- and Charlotte Bronte further developed her feminist thoughts, which haveRead MoreThe Solitary Reaper1342 Words   |  6 PagesStylistic Analysis on the Solitary Reaper The Solitary Reaper is one of William Wordsworths most famous post-Lyrical Ballads lyrics. It describes the poet’s delight in a young woman’s melancholy song in an unknown language. A highland girl is singing a melancholy song as she wings a sickle and reaps grain. The song is carried through the hills and valleys and seems to echo all around. To the poet the song seems sweeter even than the song of Nightingale. He does not want anyone to disturbRead MorePride And Prejudice And Jane Eyre1681 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: Jane Austen and Charlotte Bronte explore social class in a number of different ways throughout their novels Pride and the Prejudice and Jane Eyre. They do this through the use of stylistic devices which in turn appeals to their different audiences. Both Jane and Charlotte are notable writers for their remarkable texts. Jane Austen is known for playing a revolutionary role in the generation of English female literature, which was counteracted by this piece- and Charlotte Bronte alsoRead MoreTemple Of The Olympian Zeus And Flavian Amphitheater932 Words   |  4 Pageswas designed by the Roman architect Cossutius, but it was not completed until three centuries later, under the patronage of the Roman emperor Hadrian. Viewed through these huge columns at 55 feet and 5 inches tall, the Parthenon seems modest in comparison. The new temple followed long-established conventions. It is an enclosed rectangular building surrounded by a screen of columns standing on a three-stepped base. It†™s viewed as a simple Greek temple grown very large. Romans were huge sports fansRead MoreJane Austen And Charlotte Bronte s Social Class1748 Words   |  7 PagesIn both texts, both authors; Jane Austen and Charlotte Bronte explore social class in a number of ways. They do this through the use of their stylistic devices and this in turn appeals to their different audiences. Both Jane and Charlotte are notable writers for their remarkable texts. Jane Austen is known for playing a revolutionary role in the generation of English female literature, which was counteracted by this piece- and Charlotte Bronte further developed her feminist thoughts, which have beenRead More The Death of the Moth by Virginia Woolf Essay735 Words   |  3 PagesMoth by Virginia Woolf The Death of the Moth, written by Virginia Woolf, explains the brief life of a moth corresponding with the true nature of life and death. In this essay, Woolf puts the moth in a role that represents life. Woolf makes comparisons of the life outside to the life of the moth. The theme is the mystery of death and the correspondence of the life of the moth with the true nature of life. The images created by Woolf are presented that appeal to the eye. For instance, the mothsRead MoreMaya Angelous Poetry : The Nature Of Death In Literature1243 Words   |  5 PagesPoetry is a voice for addressing complex ideas that humanity has contemplated for thousands of years. Poets use a variety of literary techniques and stylistic features to convey these desired ideas. A prevalent theme deliberated in many poems across genres and throughout history is death. Death is unknown, therefore exploring it through poetry attempts to alleviate some of this uncertainty. This is done in a variety of liter al and figurative contexts, including hope, freedom, literal death and beautyRead MoreHow Does Conflict Manifest Itself in Romeo and Juliet?1509 Words   |  6 Pageshouseholds throughout the play and the language which Shakespeare uses enhances this conflict. One way Shakespeare conveyed conflict was through the stylistic feature oxymoron. An oxymoron is a figure of speech in which apparently contradictory terms appear in conjunction. They are seen throughout the play in numerous occasions were this stylistic feature, oxymoron, is used to heighten the conflict through the language. An example of this is in, Act 2 Scene 2, Juliet says â€Å"Good night, good nightRead MoreOppression Of Women In The Handmaids Tale1732 Words   |  7 PagesRepublic of Gilead is a patriarchal society that has religious, and patriarchal values that benefit the men in the society, at the expenses of the women of the society. Atwood also develops the oppressive nature of the society through the use of her stylistic choices throughout the novel. Finally, Offred’s experiences in her past life, and her experiences as a Handmaid show how her life has drastically changes after The Sons of Jacob take control of the society. In summary, in The Handmaid’ s Tale, Margaret

Effects Of Power In Julius Caesar - 737 Words

As human beings, it is very easy to become corrupted by power. Power changes people, and it has been that way ever since the beginning of time. Some prime examples of how power corrupts would be Brutus from the play The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, Jim Jones the â€Å"cult† leader, and Abby Lee Miller the reality TV star from â€Å"Dance Moms†. These people show how obsession over fame and control can essentially change their character and their lives. Over the course of the play The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, readers can see how Brutus’s character changes from the effect of power. In the beginning, Brutus was a simple man. He had loved Caesar, and had somewhat of a respect for him. The reader can see that when Brutus states, â€Å"I would not Cassius,†¦show more content†¦Much like Brutus, Jones was consumed by the desire of being a leader. And with this, it altered his mind and character. Gordon states, â€Å"He projected the rage he felt within himself and the treachery of his own psyche onto others† (2017). Jones idolized command and dominance. It made him do preposterous things. Power ruled him, and it changed him. Additionally, Abby Lee Miller, from the hit reality TV series â€Å"Dance Moms†, is becoming depraved from the result of her publicity and fame. She started out just a simple dance teacher in Pittsburg, and now with the help of her show, she is living a drastically different life, just not what she had hoped for. Fame and fortune left her selfish and cruel. Fox News expresses, â€Å"The â€Å"Dance Moms† star was known for her brash behavior and pursuit of perfectionism from her dance students. The Lifetime show follows a class of Millers elite students and the perilous relationship she has with the girls mothers. Critics of Dance Moms accuse Miller of being emotionally abusive toward the girls, and many episodes show her students dissolving into tears after a harsh critique† (1). Miller went from nothing to everything, and that took a toll on herself and the people around her. The nature of her actions changed when she started to gain publicity andShow MoreRelat edJulius Caesar in Rome1222 Words   |  5 Pagesthat the highest power was held by most of the people that lived in that area and the representatives that were elected. The state also nominated a president instead of a monarch, which at this time was the Senate. The senators of Rome were not concerned for the people but were fighting for power between each other (Donegan, n.d.). No one presented attention to the people and instruction had turned into turmoil. The head of state, who were always men never women, abused their power and sat on top ofRead MoreJulius Caesar : The Dictator Of Rome1011 Words   |  5 Pages Julius Caesar was born in Rome, Italy c. July 12, 100 BCE (â€Å"Julius Caesar  Biography†). Although many despised him, he was still able to reach his highest potential and became the dictator of Rome. This was not done easily, rather Julius went through many tough battles and overcame many difficult obstacles to reach his highest potential of a dictator. Through his dictatorship, Caesar changed the course of history to what we know it is today. Young Julius came from very humble beginnings. He wasRead MoreHow Did Julius Caesar Affect Rome? Essay1119 Words   |  5 Pages Julius Caesar was a very influential figure in Roman history. Many features of the Roman Empire came from his reign as dictator. But what, specifically, were some of those great achievements? In this research paper, I will explain Julius Caesar’s youth, the Roman Republic before Caesar came to power, the Roman government before Caesar became dictator-for-life, the effects of Julius Caesar, the reasons for his assassination, and what affects there were when the public learned about his assassinationRead MoreJulius Caesar s Assassination On Rome, Politically And Socially1717 Words   |  7 PagesThis investigation evaluates the question, to what extent did Julius Caesar s assassination affect Rome, politically and socially. Gaius Julius Caesar, famously known for his brilliant military strategies and shrewd political expertise, helped transf orm the Roman Republic into one of the greatest civilization in the western world. During his reign, Julius Ceasar expanded Rome’s geographical territory across Ancient Europe immensely, conquering areas of present-day France and Britain. The investigationRead MoreCivilian Control Of The Military1386 Words   |  6 PagesCivilian control of the military is very essential in order to have a strong and successful form of government. If all of the major political decisions were up to the military, many wrong decisions might be made and it would have a poor effect on the society. Military commanders may not have all of the necessary knowledge of the situation to make the most beneficial decisions, and many problems would likely end in war and violence. Also, one person would not always see every aspect of the situationRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth Essay1207 Words   |  5 Pageslike Macbeth or Julius Caesar. The protagonists Macbeth and Banquo conquer the evils that fa ce them throughout the plot. However, the nature of violence that takes place throughout Shakespeare’s plays is in relation toâ€Å"the source of the killing of the soul†(Macbeth and the Nature of Evil). In Macbeth, Macbeth is known as a superhuman warrior, the characteristics of being brave and having ambition. The main reason evil stirs up violence can be seen as examples in Macbeth and Julius Caesar, which is causedRead MoreThe Pressue is On: The Impacts of Peer Pressure in Julius Caesar by Shakespeare905 Words   |  4 Pages Listening to peer pressure has the power to shift one’s fate. William Shakespeare’s play, Julius Caesar, demonstrates how pressuring a man to execute an atrocity will have a detrimental impact on his life. As a scheme forms to overthrow a rising emperor and his followers, the men in the conspiracy of murdering Caesar create more damage than value. Eventually, the rising tension to kill an upcoming ruler creates a downfall of the Roman Empire, a breaking of trust among companions, and the deathRead MoreSimilarities Between Cleopatra And Cleopatra1523 Words   |  7 PagesPhilopator.) â€Å"In 59 Caesars, with this backing, secured his first consulship, in which he ruthlessly overrode the opposition and disregarded the vetoes of his pro-senatorial colleague. Then, between 58 and 51, he conquered the whole of central and northern Gaul as far as the River Rhine, which he briefly crossed.† (Grant 29) After Caesar and his army crushed Gaul, both parties became exceptionally affluent. In 49 BC, Caesar attacked Pompey and his men later deserting them. Caesar was victorious, PompeyRead MoreVictory or Demise, Same Faces in a New Light1520 Words   |  7 Pagesgovernment and trust is scarce. A totalitarian government is threatened and helped by individuals, however, one thing is common, the obligation to love of the authority, Big Brother. In William Shakespeares Julius Caesar, friendship and patriotism are crossed, as well as vengeance and power where Rome is betrayed and lacerated by the Conspiracy. The outcome of Caesars assassination is caused by his close f riends and companions becoming twisted into traitors vanquishing the bonds made. Both worksRead MoreThe Effect Of Julius Caesar1234 Words   |  5 PagesMSD PIKE TOWNSHIP The effect of Julius Caesar McKinney Smith Mr.Lee/ period 6 12/2/2014 Julius Caesar was a man who was uncommonly uncommon. He had never been brought around any kind of weaknesses. He was firm to face all dangers and wrongs that incorporated him. He had a tall and appealing stature and was to a great degree congenial. The overall population was something he was minding of, and it was minding of him, also. All his behavior were dumbfounding (Abbott 14). It was this that brought

The Heritage Of The Past - 1402 Words

â€Å"The heritage of the past is the seed that brings forth the harvest of the future.† Stemming from the words of Wendell Phillips, the acknowledgement and practice of heritage nourishes its ever-growing roots. The recognition of heritage in Alice Walker’s â€Å"Everyday Use† and Seamus Heaney’s â€Å"Digging,† approach the nourishment of heritage in different ways. Heaney diversifies the heritage of a father and grandfather digging in the potato fields, through an identity as a poet, by â€Å"digging† with a pen. However, Walker recognizes heritage through the heirlooms of quilts made by a grandmother, but rebels against the heritage by fulfilling a new identity. Heaney and Walker acknowledge and revere heritage, but favor deviating identities. In â€Å"Digging† by Seamus Heaney, the speaker’s memory is sparked by the sound of his father gardening below his window, while at his desk preparing to write. He begins to recall mem ories as a young boy, of accompanying his father to dig for potatoes in the fields. The speaker further recalls a more distant memory of his grandfather cutting turf. The speaker has fond memories of the hard-working men in his family. He also recalls helping out as a child by picking potatoes that his father had dug from the ground and bringing his grandfather milk while he worked. The speaker shows admiration and respect for their hard work upon his reminiscence. Furthermore, by reminiscing about the tradition of the men in his family, the speaker expresses his departureShow MoreRelatedPolitics, Place, And The Past : The Challenges Of Heritage1554 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Past: The Challenges of Heritage in South Asia Name: Institution: Politics, Place, and the Past: The Challenges of Heritage in South Asia 1) What types of challenges to archaeological resources are discussed by the authors? The archaeological sites that comprise of relics are managed in a similar way to other important items of environmental heritage. They ought to be treated in the similar way and with the same level of assessment and consideration like any other surviving past physicalRead MoreEmbracing the Past: A Difficult Ideal in African American Heritage912 Words   |  4 Pageswhite ideals while rejecting their heritage and anything that associates one with their â€Å"blackness† This type of rejection to one’s culture has been shown many times in African American literature. In â€Å"The Wife of His Youth,† by Charles Chesnutt, and Invisible Man, by Ralph Ellison, the authors use their writing to show this disconnection; both Chesnutt and Ellison are able to capture the struggle and help their characters to overcome it by embracing their pasts, which can be a very difficult idealRead MoreEssay on The History and Heritage of Society1671 Words   |  7 PagesTo understand heritage, an assessment of history and heritage needs to be examined. It can be suggested that history and heritage conceive of and use the past in similar ways. History accepts the existence of episodes from the past in much the same way as geography assumes the existence of places hat can be described, however imperfectly, as really existing even if not directly experienced by the narrator, on the basis of whatever record is available and selected for use (Tunbridge and Ashworth 1996)Read MoreCommentary on the Lost Heritage by Heather Buck Essay1536 Words   |  7 PagesCommentary on the Lost Heritage by Heather Buck The Lost Heritage by Heather Buck expresses the message that in todays lifestyle, we have lost our touch with our past. The main theme of the poem is the fact that the presents children are not informed about their detailed past. We are blind to the importance and significance of our heritage. The opening phrase Coreopsis, saffron, madder, daily we tread kaleidoscopes of [color], on Persian rugs we set our feet indicates Read MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Everyday Use By Alice Walker1678 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"Guided By My Heritage† (â€Å"In Search† 243) - Interpretations of Heritage In â€Å"Everyday Use,† Alice Walker uses relics from Dee’s past to demonstrate the importance of heritage through the understanding of inheritance and ancestry. Heritage in this story is understood as recognizing from where a person has originated. Walker correspondingly compares inheritance to art, something which should be used daily and passed on to future generations. Heritage and inheritance both have the same French rootRead MoreAnalysis Of My Mother Pieced Quilts821 Words   |  4 Pagesher, she wants to give the quilt to Maggie. Maggie wants to hold on to her heritage and Dee doesnt understand her heritage, her mom knows that Dee wont hold on to the family heritage.In the poem â€Å"My Mother Pieced Quilts† memories revolve around the poem.The poem is mainly about the mothers talent of weaving and how she weaves memories out of old fabric she finds that doesnt work anymore.In both of these stories, heritage and cultural identity is the central focus and the authors make does thisRead MoreWestern Theory Of Western Linear Development1295 Words   |  6 Pagespasses. This thesis will place the western model in a focal position and explore its condition as it is made evident in the world heritage site of the Borobudur located in Central Java, Indonesia. It will furthermore contrast the monument-centric values of western heritage management with the cultural landscape as imagined in the JICA Plan, and delve into the colonialist past to trace the evolution and translation of imperialism into a modern archaeological discipline and context. Complex societies breatheRead MoreAn Analysis Of Alice Walker s Everyday Use989 Words   |  4 PagesEnglish 102 22 January 2015 Heritage: The Various Interpretations in Alice Walker’s â€Å"Everyday Use† According to The Merriam-Webster Dictionary (2015), heritage is defined as, â€Å"traditions, achievements, beliefs, etc., that are part of the history of a group or nation† (â€Å"Heritage†). Heritage takes on mixed meanings for different people as a consequence of life experiences and belief systems. Alice Walker’s â€Å"Everyday Use† utilizes characters with varying ideas of â€Å"heritage† to enlighten the world ofRead MoreThe Olympics Opening Ceremony1165 Words   |  5 Pagesmediation of host state’s public history, and discourse of its national heritage. As Baker (201 :412) identifies, national identity and belonging are reinforced by contemporary Olympic Games as a form of the public events, where the host state displays the content of its identity for the global spectators. It is an official narrative of a nation’s past that is celebrated and preserved as the valuable ingredient of its culture and heritage. In the Olympics o pening ceremonies within the recent two decadesRead MoreHistorical And Cultural Values Of Heritage1149 Words   |  5 Pagesis not necessary in heritage industry is that economic pressure in the museum can affect the authenticity of the past in the museum. With the development of industrial heritage nowadays, heritage industry has been an essential aspect of the economic foundation in some countries. An increasing number of precious historical places are repaired and protected, which because not only the historical and cultural values of heritage are meaningful, but also because visiting heritage can raise people’s awareness

Printing Press Free Essays

†¢Intro things to discuss The ancient Greeks wrote texts intended for education only the privileged, wealthy few who could afford scribes. The modern textbook has its roots in the standardization made possible by the printing press. Early textbooks were used by tutors and teachers, who used the books as instructional aids The next revolution for books came with the 15th-century invention of printing with changeable type. We will write a custom essay sample on Printing Press or any similar topic only for you Order Now The invention is attributed to German metal smith Johannes Gutenberg, who cast type in molds using a melted metal alloy and constructed a wooden-screw printing press to transfer the image onto paper. Gutenberg’s invention made mass production of texts possible for the first time. †¢In general the invention of the printing press (Lower-class) Before Gutenberg’s printing press, reading books were a privilege for the church and some of the nobility, literacy was practically non-existent in the lower class, books were extremely expensive, and scientists never shared their work with other scientist. After the printing press was invented, books became considerably cheaper to afford, thus, making it easier for lower class citizens, as well as, libraries to afford books and circulate them throughout Europe. With the increase in books and the availability of them, came the increase in literacy among the lower classes. †¢traditional lecture before the invention- who accessed books †¢how it impacted education Also, since it was easier to print work scientist started sharing their works with each other. This was an amazing improvement in science, because now scientist could critic each other’s work, improve upon it, and eventually come up with correct conclusions. †¢how the printing press (changed the role of the Catholic Church) No more did people have to accept what the church told them – they could now read it for themselves. In an indirect way, it led to the Reformation of the church, one of the major events in European history. Without the printing press and the availability of Bibles, Martin Luther may not have been in the position to question the authority of the church and to encourage people to study the Bible for themselves to see how Faith was the means to salvation, rather than â€Å"good works†, as the Catholic Church had expounded for centuries. The church officials, before the printing press was invented, were the only ones to read the Bible and they, then taught their interpretations to the congregation. When the printing presses started printing How to cite Printing Press, Essay examples

The Two Princes of Calabar Book Review free essay sample

The Two Princes Of Calabar Book Review In 1767 Little Ephraim Robin John and Ancona Robin Robin John were living as Old Calabar’s ruling class, in a trading port in the Bight of Biafra known as Old Town, modern day Nigeria. Old Calabar was a primary source of African slaves in the Atlantic and West Indies, and the Robin John family contributed significantly to the slave population in the Americas, before ironically contributing two of their own family. Old Calabar was divided into sections, prominently Old Town and New Town, which were ruled different competing slave trading families. In an attempt to ruin Old Town, the King of New Town worked together with English slave traders to orchestrate a brutal assault on the ruling class Old Town, inviting the King of Old Town to celebrate their â€Å"peace treaty†. Once the King arrived with his family and their servants, they were betrayed and massacred, resulting in the death and enslavement of the servants and ruling family, including the King’s brother Ancona Robin and his nephew Little Ephraim Robin John. We will write a custom essay sample on The Two Princes of Calabar Book Review or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Author Randy Sparks, who found letters written by the â€Å"Two Princes† comprised a story that detailed their experiences in the New World, struggle for freedom, and eventual return back to Old Calabar. The Two Princes endured the Middle Passage to be sold as slaves in the West Indies, where they gained a nuanced African Creole identity and worldview, which Randy Sparks highlights in the prologue as one of the main themes, saying â€Å"†¦ in this book I explore the impact of the rise of the Atlantic World on a particular place in time–eighteenth-century Old Calabar–through the lives of two men who were themselves products of that Atlantic World. † (Sparks, xii). The Princes struggled for their freedom just as the rest of their fellow enslaved African brethren, experiencing more betrayal than hope. Years later the two were on their way to Bristol to be sold as slaves when they acquired a comrade, a British merchant named Thomas Jones who helped them escape the ship. They were kept in jail until their case was heard before a judge, who granted them back their freedom after almost ten years of enslavement. In that time the Princes gained the support of Charles and John Wesley while acquiring an interest in Methodist Christianity, which helped lead to their freedom in the very English focused culture of Bristol. After several years in London, the Two Princes returned to Old Calabar in 1774, where they ironically return to slave trading even after all of their numerous tragedies and firsthand experience of slavery from both sides. Little Ephraim and Ancona Robin finally achieved their freedom through many trials and tribulations, and their success was due in large part to their social standing as Atlantic Creoles, which gave them nuanced knowledge of European traditions and outlook. Their experience of constant struggle for freedom was emblematic of many African slaves’ experiences, although their story seems to suggest that Atlantic Creoles were in a far better position to achieve freedom than African slaves without the Atlantic Creole background. The story of Olaudah Equiano also demonstrates how the Atlantic Creole had more opportunities than their African brethren, although unlike the two Princes, when Equiano achieved his freedom, â€Å"he condemned the idea that Africans were inferior to Europeans and therefore deserved to be slaves† (Foner, 130). Equiano’s experience, as well as those of the two Princes, illustrates that for Atlantic Creoles â€Å"The Atlantic was more of a bridge than a barrier between the Old and New Worlds† (Foner 131). The journey and experiences of the Two Princes of Calabar is truly an amazing one of triumph and freedom, and was never an uninteresting read. Author Randy Sparks used their real-life events to shape this well-worded, and powerful story, which truly captured an era of American life that was previously scarcely understood. Even through experiencing all of their tribulations, the Two Princes returned to slave trading upon arriving back in Old Calabar, which enhanced our understanding of sovereignty and autonomy; in the eighteenth century, ownership of another human being was truly the indicator of personal power and freedom. Randy Sparks takes care to illustrate the intricacy and convolution of the human condition while carrying the reader through a riveting firsthand experience of the Atlantic slave trade.